A brain tumour is a mass or growth of abnormal cells in the brain. Some are benign while others can be malignant. This can also occur from cancers travelling from other parts of the body to the brain. Symptoms include headaches that gradually become frequent and severe, vision problems, balance difficulties, trouble speaking, fatigue, confusion, inability to follow commands, behavioural changes, seizures and problems with hearing.

Surgical procedures are often performed to provide a tissue sample for biopsy to determine the stage of the tumour or cease the spread of cancer. In some cases, the tumour may appear in an inoperable area of the body that may be associated with a vital structure. In such an event, the surgeon may recommend other treatment options.

An aneurysm is a bulge in a blood vessel that’s present in the brain. This could rupture or leak causing bleeding into the brain. This can be life-threatening and has to be treated immediately. This is usually treated using an aneurysm clip or through endovascular repair. 

A brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a rare condition where a tangle of abnormal blood vessels connecting arteries and veins in the brain. This can occur anywhere in the body but most commonly occurs in the brain. Brain AVM can be treated using one of the three options available – surgery, neuroendovascular embolisation and radiation.

Pituitary tumours affect the pituitary glands resulting in lower levels of hormones. These can be benign growths and usually remain in the gland and in the surrounding tissue. This is usually treated by surgery, radiation therapy or medications.

Neuroendocrine Disorders affect the endocrine system in conjunction with the nervous system in the body, resulting in problems with the patient’s mental well being – a patient suffering from hypothyroidism could exhibit signs of depression. This can also be accompanied by abnormalities in hormone levels.

The cranial base is a small yet intricate area at the bottom of the skull that acts as a gateway between the brain and the nerves that connect to it. Patients with cranial bases disorders exhibit signs of headaches, facial pain, blurred vision, dizziness or seizures. This usually occurs when the tumour in the area has grown large enough to press against the nerves or the brain. 

Spinal cord disorders are conditions that cause damage to the spinal cord. Conditions may include tumours, Spinal stenosis, Herniated discs, Abscess, Hematoma, Vertebral fractures and Degenerative disc disease. 

Peripheral nerve disorders are a result of damage to the nerves that are located outside of the brain and the spinal cord, causing weakness, numbness and pain. It can also affect other bodily functions such as digestion, urination and blood circulation.